1. There is no arrow damage type.
2. There is no arrow damage type.
3. There is no arrow damage type.
4. There is no arrow damage type.
5. There is no arrow damage type.
I don't think distance has an effect on ranged damage, but it might. Also, because the damage of melee weapons increases the longer the weapon is chambered (up to a maximum at about 600ms before it starts going back down again to a minimum bonus, I believe), it's possible the length of time the bow is held drawn gives a bonus to damage. I am not saying it does, but it could. I have no idea whether or not it does. I don't think it does. But I'm not ruling the possibility out completely.
Oh, and there is no arrow damage type.
Oops, I zombified this thread. Sorry. >_<